Ice cream machine



Nov. 3, 1936. w. H. PAYNE ET AL ICE CREAM MACHINE Filed Mann 12, 1954 s Sheets-Sheet 1 Q INVENTORS.

. William H Pay/7e 2719/70/37? Pro a.

xx 8 BY N ATTORNEYS Nov. 3, W36, w. H. PAYNE ET AL ICE CREAM MACHINE Filed March 12, 1934 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Nov. 3, 1936; w. H. PAYNE ET AL 2,059,485

ICE CREAM MACHINE Filed March 12, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 775 0.) 72- Prayer.

R J M Patented Nov. 3, 1936 UNITED, STATES PATENT OFFICE ICE CREAM MACHINE -William H. Payne and Francis R. Proper, Kansas City, Mo.

This invention relates to ice cream freezers and particularly to a freezer adapted for continuous or batch freezing.

In the manufacture of ice cream it has been found that the proper control of the temperatures and whipping of the materials is veryessential in the economical production of a uniform and close texture ice cream, into which has been incorporated a sufficient quantity of finely divided air cells to produce the desired overrun. While in some of the present machines it has been attempted to attain the above results, yet due to the lacl; of proper control of the temperatures and whipping during the whipping and finishing operations the results have been unsatisfactory. In the present continuous freezers the mix is simultaneously frozen and aerated in a single compartment and delivered to the outlet in a frozen state. It is apparent that the freezing requires a much longer period when so produced, thereby causing a coarser grain than when more rapidly frozen. When using the ordinary batch freezer it has been found that the texture of the product is very coarse due to slow freezing and the conditions of the mix required in the operation of this type of freezer.

The present invention contemplates the overcoming of the above difficulties by having full control of the mix to be frozen from the time it ice crystal is small, and if a large amount of-ice, is formed in the freezer, less will be needed to be formed in the hard room, as that formed in the hard room goes to make an ice cream of a poor texture.

During the first minute or so of freezing the mix loses its sensible heat and as soon as it reaches the freeezing point which is near 27.5 F., the extraction of the latent heat of fusion takes place. At this period of freezing the first water crystals are formed causing an increase in concentration of the unfrozen liquid, for the reason that freezing is a purification process, and only the water freezes into crystals. After this takes place, then the temperature of the mix must be lowered again to the freezing point of the unfrozen liquid before more water crystals can'be formed. This accounts for the slow reduction of temperature after the freezing point has been reached.

Ice cream contains a high percentage of solutes and it is no simple matter to remove the latent heat of fusion. Mixes vary and are of different composition and are frozen under different conditions, therefore under varying conditions itis not always a good policy to shut off entirelytherefrigerant when the freezing temperature of the mix has been reached, as all of the latent heat of 1( fusion has not been removed during the freezing process. Again under different circumstances and varying conditions it may be best to choke or shut off refrigerant at freezing point.

As stated before, it is essential to freeze a cer- 15 tain amount of water in the freezer. If it is not and the refrigerant is shut off too soon, the mix willbe soft and will result in the ice cream being coarse after hardening.

The overrun. or yield increases during the period or time the ice cream mix is in the freezer, whether the mix is giving up sensible or latent heat until a maximum increase in product is obtained, after which time the overrun will fall. This is the last stage of the freezing process and is very important in that the proper amount of air incorporation, the whipping and the finishing process of the product in order to permit the desired overrun or yield.

It is very essential to have full control over this last period of freezing in that many times the mix has a tendency to raise in temperature toward the end of the freezing and finishing period, and especially if the overrun is obtained with difficulty. 3;

The principal object of the present invention is the provision of an ice cream freezer wherein the material is first treated in a freezing comcontrol over thevariable temperaturesand whipping operation during the freezing and finishing a operations.

mixing fruits, nuts, etc., with the cream just prior to its ejection from the machine.

with these purposes in mind, together with other objects which'will appear during the course of the specification, reference will now be had to the drawings wherein:

Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a freezer embodying this invention.

Fig. 2 is an end elevation of the freezer with parts broken away for cleamess.

Fig. 3 is a vertical cross sectional view taken on line III-III of Fig. l.

Fig. 4 is a vertical section taken on line IV--IV of Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view taken on line VV of Fig. l.

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary view of the scraper.

Fig. 7 is a broken detailed view of certain of the driving parts.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary sectional view taken on line VIIIVI1I of Fig. l, and,

Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a portion of the modified freezer as constructed when used as a batch machine.

Like reference characters designate similar parts throughout the several views, and the numeral I4 indicates a treating chamber of a horizontally disposed hollow cylindrical form, mounted on a base I5, and of a length suitable to contain certain compartments necessary to carry out the proper freezing and finishing or conditioning 'of the ice cream as hereinafter described.

Surrounding this chamber is a refrigerant container or jacket I6 which preferably extends the full length of the chamber and is vertically divided by a, ring partition l8 to form two separate refrigerant compartments, 20 and 22. An inlet for the introduction of materials to be frozen, usually termed mix, consists of a conduit 24 communicating with mix tank28, which is preferably positioned above I4 to permit the flow of mix by gravity. To properly control the flow of mix to the chamber I4, a valve 28 operated by a liquid level float 30 positioned in chamber I4 and interconnected with valve 28 through the intermediacy of link 32, lever 34 pivoted at 36 and valve stem 38 is provided. By referring to Fig. 5 it will be noted that float 38 is so positioned in I4 as to maintain a liquid level at about the center of the chamber, however, this level might be varied by simply changing the length of link 32. The intake end-wall 40 is irregular in form and is adapted to properly house the float 30 in the chamber so as to always be in the zone of the liquid incoming mix and to be free from any of the moving parts. I

The discharge end of the chamber I4 is provided with a suitably detachable end member 42. For convenience of operation, the end member is hinged at 44 and provided with securing nuts 46 mounted on stub bolts 48. For reasons hereinafter more definitely set forth an upper outlet opening 50 and a lower outlet port 52 are provided in 42, each communicating with a passageway 54 extending from top to bottom of 42. Port 52 is provided with a closure 56 slidably mounted and adapted to be operated by means of manually controlled lever 58 pivoted at 6 0 and interconnected to 58 by means of pivoted link 62. The upper outlet opening is controlled by a slidably mounted outlet gate 64 having an opening 66 which normally registers with the outlet 50.

When it is desired to raise the level of the material in the chamber gate 84 is simply raised,

thus making it necessary for the material to be raised to a higher level before it can pass from the chamber. For convenience of operation, 64 extends outside of 42 and is provided with a hand hold 68. Passageway 54 has a control gate I0 positioned below outlet port 50 which is operable by means of hand lever 12 to which it is interconnected by means of link 14.

Mounted for rotation in chamber I4 is scraper 'IIhwhich is adapted to be driven so as to prevent undue accumulation of material on the inner wall of I4 and to assist in the agitation and the moving of the materials being frozen toward the amt end of the chamber. The scraper has end spiders 18 on which are securely mounted sets of longitudinally disposed forward bars 80 and rear bars 82, which are spaced apart from the inner wall of the chamber. As clearly shown in Fig. 6, bars 80 are provided with a series of blades 84, inclined at an angle to the direction of travel of rotation of the scraper as indicated by the arrow and adapted to move the material toward the outlet of the chamber. The follow-up or rear 4 bar 82 has blades 86 which are inclined at a less angle to the direction of travel than those on 80 and in a direction which would tend to force the material toward the inlet.

Between bars 80 and 82, which are spaced apart, is a longitudinally disposed blade 88 hinged at 90 and adapted to contact the cylinder wall at an angle during the operation of the machine. The centrifugal force due to the rotation of the scraper tends to hold 88 yieldingly against the side wall.

Carried by bars 80 and 82 intermediate their ends are cross bars 92 which facilitate proper hinge support for 88 throughout its intermediate portion. It will be observed upon examination that blades 84 due to their greater angularity will force the material toward the exit at a greater rate than blades 86 will force it toward the intake end, thus causing a good agitation of the material which has a resultant general flow toward the outlet.

Intermediate the ends'of the scraper member and carried thereby is a partition 94 which serves to divide the chamber I 4 into a freezing compartment 95 and finishing compartment 91. While this partition may not completely separate the two compartments, yet it is of sufficient extent to properly control the material being frozen and finished. Adjacent the outer periphery of 94 is a circular band of spaced apart, inclined blades 96 positioned in substantially lower form. These blades are so directed relative to the direction of rotation of the partition as to cause the material in the freezing compartment to be forced into the finishing compartment. By suitable adjustment of these blades and the regulation of their speed of rotation the feeding of the material from one compartment to the other may be definitely regulated and determined.

Axially mounted for rotation in cylinder I4 is a shaft 98 having its outer end extended through end wall 40 and interconnected with the driving shaft I 00 of a suitable variable speed transmission through the intermediacy of a clutch I02, and its inner end journalled in partition 94.

The variable speed transmission I03 is one of several well known types that might be used as a means for controlling the speed of the different moving parts of this device, and consists essentially of a motor I04 having a drive shaft I08, parallel 'shafts I00 and I88 mounted in frame I III, a two-part grooved V pulley II2 carried by each shaft respectively and splined thereto so that the parts of each .may be moved toward and from each other and a V belt operatively engaging said pulleys, whereby the relative speeds of shafts I08 and I00 may be varied to any desired ratiobetween a given maximum and minimum as provided and A shaft I09, having right and left hand screw threads formed thereon in screw-threaded en gagement with blocks I I3, may be turned to move the blocks II3 toward and from each other.

These blocks are in connection with one end of arms I05 as illustrated. When blocks II3 are moved together, the parts of upper pulley will also be so moved, but the partsof lower pulley I I2 will be moved apart When blocks II3 are moved apart, the parts of upper pulley I I2 will be moved apart, but the parts of lower pulley II2 will be moved together. Shaft I08 is driven by motor I 04 through pinion H4 and gear I I6, and by the use of the transmission I03, it is evident that the speed of shaft I00 may be varied at will without changing the speed of the motor I 04.- Rigi'dly secured to a bearing sleeve II 1 which extends through end wall 40 and is rotatably mounted on shaft 98 is sprocket wheel .8 which is in operative alignment with sprocket wheel I20 rigidly carried by shaft I00. Sprocket wheels. H8 and I20 are interconnected by the usual sprocket chain.

Referring to Fig. 7, it will be observed that sleeve H1 is provided with clutch teeth I22 which intermesh with teeth I24 formed in a hub member I26 to drive dasher I28 mounted for "rotation in compartment 95 and within the scraper member 16. Dasher I28 comprises a series of spokes I30 mounted on hubs I32, and longitudinally spaced apart bars I33 carried by said spokes.

Another sleeve I34 is journalled in end member 40 and serves as a journal for bearing sleeve II1. A sprocket wheel I36 is rigidly affixed to sleeve I34 outside the chamber and is operatively connected to sprocket wheel I 38 mounted on shaft I08 by means of sprocket chain I40. The inner end of sleeve I34 has a flange I42 which is secured to 18 to drive the scraper.

An agitator I44, comprising a series of arcuate,

inwardly projecting, spaced-apart arms I46 carried by scraper 16 and adapted to rotate therewith and a series of outwardly projecting, spaced apart arms I48 carried by an axially aligned shaft I50 mounted for rotation at its outer end in a bearing I52 carried by end member 42 while its other end is providedwith a squared socket I54 into'which is fitted the squared end I56 of shaft 98, is adapted to be rotated at a relatively high speed. Arms I 46 and I48 are positioned in overlapped relation and rotate in opposite directions to whip the materials vigorously, thereby causing a breaking up of the air cells in the ice cream to produce a fine grained product. The

particular formof the arms I46 and I48 is clearly shown in Fig. 3.

It. will be noted that the scraper 1.6, dasher I28, and the inner portion of agitator I44 are so mounted and driven that their relative speed may be varied by the operator to properly control the materials being frozen. The ratio of speed of pulleys I I2 toward-1 the scraper and motor will be constant because of their direct connection as shown, while the speeds of the dasher and agitator may bevaried relative to each other and to the scraper by manipulating toward and from each other the V-pulleys II2 of the variable speed transmission I03. I

The introduction and incorporation of air into the ice cream is essential to produce the .proper overrun or bulk of the finished product. For this purpose air jets I 58, I60 and I62are provided to. mtroduce'air into the lower portion of chamber I8 where-it will be properly mixed with the ice cream. Preferably these jets are supplied with compressed air from a reservoir not shown. Control valves I64 are provided of air into-thechamber I4.

It is obvious that any of the various refrigerants might be used in compartments 20 and 22 to efiect therequired temperature reductions for the ice cream, however to clearly disclose the functioning of these novel compartments 20 and 22, a portion of an ammonia absorption system is shown.

In this installation the vertically disposed ammonia tank I66 is positioned in such a' manner that its-vertical central portion is substantially in alignment with the horizontal diameter of the chamber I4 as clearlyshown in Fig. 2. A high pressure liquid ammonia supply pipe [68 communicates with tank I 66 and the flow of armnonia togthe tank is controlled by the liquid level conto regulate the fiow v trol valve I10 having a float I12 operable by the pipe I84 having a needle control valve I86. It is f apparent that with the pressure properly regu-.

lated as hereinafter set forth a liquid level of ammonia in 28and-22 maybe obtained that will correspond to the liquid level in the tank I66, also varying quantitiesmay be fed to 20 and 22 by proper manipulation of the control valves. For the purpose of providing proper proportionate volumes of gas and liquid ammonia in the compartments 20 and 22 the cylindrical shells forming the walls are disposed in eccentric relation so that the radial cross sectional area increases from bottomto top as clearly shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The gas pipe I81 leading from tank I66 is provided with a pressure regulating valve I89 which may be set to determine the pressure under which the system will operate.

To conduct gases from compartment 20 to tank I66 a conduit I88 is provided, while the pipe I90 having a pressure regulating valve I92 connects I88 to compartment 22. Safety valves I94 and I96 are provided for conduit I88 and pipe I90 respectively. Since the compartments 20 and 22 are substantially coextensive with the freezing and finishing compartments respectively and are provided with a controlled supply of refrigerant and with means for controlling the respective back pressures, it is evident that the desired-difierem tial of temperatures may be obtained in the two compartments.

' A fruit and nut hopper I98 is positioned at the upper side of the chamber I4 andjadjacent the discharge opening and communicates with compartment 91 through the conduit 200 in which is -mounted a force feed member 202 mounted on shaft 204 which is driven by a motor not shown.

when the fruit or nuts are-fed into the cream at this point they will be properly mixed there- I with, however,

they will not be beaten or ground up into too small pieces to make a good product.

While the above described freezer is primarily suitable for continuous freezing, yet by a few simple changes hereinafter described the freezer is suitable for batch freezing. The changes necessary are the removal of the scraper, dasher and agitator with their co-operating parts, the in- 40 and 42.

By the use of the above described freezer it is apparent that the operator has full control of the mix, temperatures, incorporation of air, and the agitation of the materials throughout the entire production of ice cream both in continuous and batch freezing.

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:

1. A freezer comprising a freezing chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; means for cooling said chamber; a scraper mounted for rotation within said chamber; an agitator rotatably mounted in said chamber adjacent the outlet end, a dasher mounted I. for rotation in said chamber intermediate said agitator and the inlet end of the chamber; and

means for simultaneously rotating said scraper, agitator and dasher at relatively different speeds. 2. A freezer comprising a cylindrical freezing chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a scraper mounted for rotation within said chamber; an agitator rotatably mounted in said chamber adjacent the outlet end; a dasher rotatably mounted intermediate said agitator and the inlet end of said chamber; means for rotating said scraper, dasher and agitator at relatively different'speeds whereby the speed of rotation of the agitator is varied without changing the speed of rotation of the dasher and scraper.

3. An ice cream freezer comprising'an elongated freezer chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a rotat ably mounted partition positioned in said chamber intermediate its ends to form a freezing compartment adjacent the inlet end of the chamber and a finishing compartment adjacent the outlet; means in each of said compartments for agitating the ice cream; and a series of inclined spacedapart blades carried by said partition adapted t force the ice cream from the freezing compartment to the finishing compartment.

4. An ice cream freezer comprising a horizontally disposed cylindrical chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet adjacentthe upper portion of the opposite end thereof; an outlet gate adjustable to vary the vertical position of said outlet; a gate controlled outlet positioned adjacent the lower side of said chamber in said opposite end of the chamber, both of said outlets being positioned to deliver into a common conduit mounted on the opposite end; means operable within said chamber to agitate the material being frozen.

5. A freezer comprising a horizontally disposed elongated freezer chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a rotatably mounted partition positioned in said chamber to form a freezing compartment and a finishing compartment; and means carried adjacent the periphery of said partition and substantially confined to that portion of the cham-- ber occupied by the partition to force the material being frozen from one compartment to the other as the partition is rotated; and means to agitate the material being frozen.

6. A freezer comprising an elongated, horizontally disposed, cylindrical freezer chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a scraper extending substantially the full length of said chamber and mounted for rotation therein; a partition carried by said scraper intermediate its ends adapted to divide said chamber into two compartments; an agitator mounted in one of said compartments; a dasher mounted in the other of said compartments; and means to drive said scraper, agitator and dasher.

7. A freezer comprising an elongated, horizontally disposed, cylindrical freezer chamber having an inlet at one end and an outlet at its opposite end; a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a scraper extending substantially the full length of said chamber and mounted for rotation therein; a partition carried by said scraper intermediate its ends adapted to divide said chamber into two compartments; an agitator mounted in one of said compartments; a

dasher mounted in the other of saidcompartments; and driving means operable to rotate the scraper in one direction and dasher and agitator in the opposite direction, said driving means being operable to-vary at will the relative rate of rotation of the dasher and agitator.

8. A freezer comprising a horizontally disposed cylindrical chamber having an inlet and an outlet, a refrigerant jacket surrounding said chamber; a scraper mounted for rotation in said chamber having two sets of spaced-apart, longitudinally disposed blades with a hingedly mounted scraper blade mounted therebetween; a dasher rotatably mounted in said chamber and circumscribed by the path of travel of said scraper; and common means for driving said scraper and dasher at relatively different speeds.

WILLIAM H. PAYNE. FRANCIS R. PROPER. 

